WHEELS FOR AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES (AGVs)

Automated Guided Vehicles (also known as AGVs) are wheel based, computer-controlled vehicles used to transport loads without driver operation.

Automated Guided Vehicles are programmed to run on the warehouse floor or outside area and use markers, wires, radio waves, vision cameras, magnets, or lasers for navigation. Transponders are embedded in the floor and a pre-programmed computer control system directs and assigns tasks to the vehicles. Navigation algorithms can calculate an AGV vehicle position 40 times per second to detect the slightest change in the direction of the vehicle and correct it.

Load Capacity:

AGV wheels are designed to support specific weight capacities, ranging from light-duty to heavy-duty applications. The load capacity determines the maximum weight an AGV can carry.

Traction:

AGV wheels need to provide sufficient traction to ensure smooth and controlled movement, especially on different surfaces such as concrete, tile, or carpet. Traction can be influenced by wheel material, tread pattern, and surface contact area.

Wheel Material:

AGV wheels are commonly made of materials like rubber, polyurethane, or a combination of both. Rubber wheels provide good traction, shock absorption, and durability, while polyurethane wheels offer excellent load-bearing capabilities, chemical resistance, and lower rolling resistance.

Wheel Diameter:

The diameter of AGV wheels affects their ability to navigate uneven surfaces, obstacles, and gaps. Larger wheels generally provide better stability, ground clearance, and improved handling over rough terrain.

Wheel Hardness:

Wheel hardness determines the level of shock absorption and the ability to maintain traction. Softer wheels provide better shock absorption but may have higher rolling resistance, while harder wheels offer lower rolling resistance but may transmit more vibrations.

Wheel Configuration: 

AGV wheels can be configured in different arrangements, such as swivel castors, fixed castors, or a combination of both. Swivel castors allow for easy manoeuvrability and turning, while fixed casters provide stability and straight-line tracking.

Noise Generation:

AGV wheels should be designed to minimize noise generation, particularly in noise-sensitive environments such as hospitals or quiet office spaces. Specialized wheel designs, such as tread patterns and shock-absorbing materials, can help reduce noise.

Durability:

AGV wheels need to withstand constant use and potential impacts. High-quality wheels should be resistant to wear, tear, and damage, ensuring longevity and minimizing maintenance requirements.

Maintenance:

Some AGV wheels may require periodic maintenance, such as lubrication or cleaning, to ensure optimal performance. Wheels with sealed bearings or self-lubricating features may reduce maintenance needs.

Compatibility with AGV System:

GV wheels must be compatible with the specific AGV system, including its drive mechanism and power transmission system. Wheel design should facilitate easy installation and integration with the AGV structure.

Assembly:

Assembly line automated guided vehicles are sequenced to move products through the production line. Single-product assembly lines are inflexible and cannot adapt easily to changing production requirements. AGV’s can be reprogrammed to handle a variety of products and periodically changing assembly lines. Automated Guided Vehicles provide flexibility in the production process that traditional conveyance assembly lines cannot, and allow manufacturers to react quickly to demand.

Kitting:

In assembly operations AGV’s can be sequenced to collect parts from kitting areas to the assembly line.  Kitting can be for a specific part or small batch manufacturing.

Transportation:

AGVs are used in a variety of areas to support processing and handling throughout a facility.

Manufacturing:

• Raw material movement (collecting parts for assembly)
• Work-in-process transport
• Parts/Tooling movement
• Finished goods transport
• Waste removal

Warehouse Storage/distribution:

• Product storage and retrieval (block stack, high-rack stacking)
• Loading & moving pallets
• Truck loading
• Material handling

TYPES OF AGV

There are various types of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) designed to perform different tasks and operate in different environments. Here are some common types of AGVs:

Tow AGVs:

Tow AGVs are designed to tow or pull carts, trailers, or other vehicles. They typically have a hitch or coupling mechanism to connect and transport loads within a facility. Tow AGVs are commonly used in manufacturing, distribution, and logistics environments.

Unit Load AGVs:

Unit Load AGVs are designed to handle individual loads such as pallets, containers, shuttle systems, chain conveyors, belt conveyors or bins. They can lift, transport, and deposit loads in predefined locations. Unit Load AGVs are widely used in warehouses, distribution centres, and production lines.

Pallet AGVs:

Pallet AGVs are specialized AGVs that are specifically designed to handle palletized loads. They are equipped with forks or clamps to lift and transport pallets. Pallet AGVs are commonly used in industries where palletized goods need to be moved, such as manufacturing, warehousing, and logistics.

Forklift AGVs:

Forklift AGVs are designed to mimic the functionality of traditional forklift trucks. They are equipped with forks for lifting and moving loads, but they operate autonomously without the need for human operators. Forklift AGVs are used in environments where the movement of heavy loads and stacking of goods is required.

AGV Robots:

AGV robots are advanced AGVs that combine autonomous navigation with robotic capabilities. They can perform tasks such as picking, packing, sorting, and assembly in addition to transportation. AGV robots are highly versatile and find applications in various industries, including e-commerce, manufacturing, and healthcare.

Guided Carts:

Guided carts are smaller AGVs that follow a predefined path or track within a facility. They are often used for material handling tasks, such as transporting components or tools between workstations. Guided carts are commonly found in assembly lines, laboratories, and healthcare settings.

Hybrid AGVs:

Hybrid AGVs combine the capabilities of AGVs with manual operation. They can switch between autonomous mode and manual mode, allowing human operators to control them when necessary. Hybrid AGVs provide flexibility and can be used in environments where human intervention is required alongside automation.

Customized AGVs:

AGVs can also be customized to specific industry needs and tasks. Customized AGVs are designed and built to meet unique requirements, such as specialized load handling, specific dimensions, or environmental considerations.

ADVANTAGES OF AGVs

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) offer several advantages in various industries and applications. Here are some of the key advantages of using AGVs:

Increased Efficiency and Productivity:

AGVs can operate autonomously, which eliminates the need for manual labor in material handling tasks. They can work 24/7 without breaks or fatigue, resulting in increased efficiency and productivity. AGVs can also optimize routes and prioritize tasks, minimizing idle time and maximizing throughput.

Improved Safety:

AGVs contribute to a safer work environment by reducing the risk of accidents and injuries associated with manual material handling. They are equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and collision avoidance systems, allowing them to navigate safely around obstacles, people, and other equipment. AGVs follow predefined paths and operate within defined safety zones, ensuring consistent adherence to safety protocols.

Flexibility and Scalability:

AGVs offer flexibility and scalability in material handling operations. They can be easily reprogrammed or reconfigured to adapt to changing production requirements or facility layouts. AGVs can also be added or removed from the system without significant disruption, allowing for scalability based on business needs.

Space Optimization:

AGVs can navigate efficiently in narrow aisles, tight spaces, and vertically stacked storage areas. By utilizing their precise navigation capabilities, AGVs can maximize space utilization, allowing for higher storage density and optimized facility layout. This is particularly beneficial in warehouses and distribution centres where space is often a limiting factor.

Reduced Operational Costs:

AGVs can lead to cost savings in various ways. By automating material handling tasks, AGVs reduce labor costs associated with manual operations. They also minimize the risk of product damage and inventory loss due to human error. Additionally, AGVs can optimize energy consumption by choosing the most efficient routes and operating patterns..

Real-Time Monitoring and Reporting:

AGVs can be integrated with control systems and software platforms, allowing for real-time monitoring and reporting of key performance indicators (KPIs). Managers and operators can track the movement, status, and performance of AGVs, enabling better decision-making, process optimization, and resource allocation.

Consistency and Reliability:

AGVs perform tasks consistently and reliably, ensuring uniformity in material handling operations. They follow predefined paths and instructions accurately, minimizing errors and deviations. AGVs also have built-in diagnostics and monitoring systems, which allow for proactive maintenance and reduced downtime.

Improved Traceability and Inventory Management:

AGVs can be equipped with barcode scanners, RFID readers, or vision systems to track and trace products, components, or inventory. This enhances inventory management, accuracy, and reduces the risk of stockouts or excess inventory. AGVs can also facilitate just-in-time (JIT) delivery and seamless integration with inventory management systems.